Visualizing Chemistry

Problem 20-17

Give IUPAC names for the following carboxylic acids (reddish brown = Br):

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Problem 20-18

Would you expect the following carboxylic acids to be more acidic or less acidic than benzoic acid? Explain. (Reddish brown = Br.)

(a)

(b)

Problem 20-19

The following carboxylic acid can’t be prepared from an alkyl halide by either the nitrile hydrolysis route or the Grignard carboxylation route. Explain.

Problem 20-20

Electrostatic potential maps of anisole and thioanisole are shown. Which do you think is the stronger acid, p-methoxybenzoic acid or p-(methylthio)benzoic acid? Explain.

Mechanism Problems

Problem 20-21

Predict the product(s) and write the mechanism of each of the following reactions:

(a)

(b)

Problem 20-22

Predict the product(s) and write the mechanism of each of the following reactions:

(a)

(b)

Problem 20-23

Predict the product(s) and write the mechanism of each of the following reactions:

(a)

(b)

Problem 20-24

Predict the product(s) and write the complete mechanism of each of the following reactions:

(a)

(b)

Problem 20-25

Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a nitrile to give a carboxylic acid occurs by initial protonation of the nitrogen atom, followed by nucleophilic addition of water. Review the mechanism of base-catalyzed nitrile hydrolysis in Section 20.7 and then predict the products for the following reactions. Write the steps involved in the acid-catalyzed reaction, using curved arrows.

(a)

(b)

Problem 20-26

Nitriles can be converted directly to esters by the Pinner reaction, which first produces an iminoester salt that is isolated and then treated with water to give the final product.

Propose a mechanism for the Pinner reaction using curved arrows to show the flow of electrons at each step.

Problem 20-27

Naturally occurring compounds called cyanogenic glycosides, such as lotaustralin, release hydrogen cyanide, HCN, when treated with aqueous acid. The reaction occurs by hydrolysis of the acetal linkage to form a cyanohydrin, which then expels HCN and gives a carbonyl compound.

(a) Show the mechanism of the acetal hydrolysis and the structure of the cyanohydrin that results.

(b) Propose a mechanism for the loss of HCN, and show the structure of the carbonyl compound that forms.

Problem 20-28

2-Bromo-6,6-dimethylcyclohexanone gives 2,2-dimethylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid on treatment with aqueous NaOH followed by acidification, a process called the Favorskii reaction. Propose a mechanism.

Problem 20-29

Naturally occurring compounds called terpenoids, which we’ll discuss in Section 27.5, are biosynthesized by a pathway that involves loss of CO₂ from 3-phosphomevalonate 5-diphosphate to yield isopentenyl diphosphate. Use curved arrows to show the mechanism of this reaction.

Problem 20-30

In the Ritter reaction, an alkene reacts with a nitrile in the presence of strong aqueous sulfuric acid to yield an amide. Propose a mechanism.

 

Naming Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles

Problem 20-31

Give IUPAC names for the following compounds:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Problem 20-32

Draw structures corresponding to the following IUPAC names:

(a) cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid

(b) heptanedioic acid

(c) 2-hexen-4-ynoic acid

(d) 4-ethyl-2-propyloctanoic acid

(e) 3-chlorophthalic acid

(f) triphenylacetic acid

(g) 2-cyclobutenecarbonitrile

(h) m-benzoylbenzonitrile

Problem 20-33

Draw and name the following compounds:

(a) The eight carboxylic acids with the formula C₆H₁₂O₂

(b) Three nitriles with the formula C₅H₇N

Problem 20-34

Pregabalin, marketed as Lyrica, is an anticonvulsant drug that is also effective in treating chronic pain. The IUPAC name of pregabalin is (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid. (An aminomethyl group is –CH₂NH₂.) Draw the structure of pregabalin.

Problem 20-35

Isocitric acid, an intermediate in the citric acid cycle of food metabolism, has the systematic name (2R,3S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypentanedioic acid. Draw the structure.

 

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

Problem 20-36

Order the compounds in each of the following sets with respect to increasing acidity:

(a) acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid

(b) p-bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid

(c) fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid, iodoacetic acid

Problem 20-37

Arrange the compounds in each of the following sets in order of increasing basicity:

(a) Magnesium acetate, magnesium hydroxide, methylmagnesium bromide

(b) Sodium benzoate, sodium p-nitrobenzoate, sodium acetylide

(c) Lithium hydroxide, lithium ethoxide, lithium formate

Problem 20-38

Calculate the pK_a’s of the following acids:

(a) Lactic acid, K_a = 8.4 × 10^–4

(b) Acrylic acid, K_a = 5.6 × 10^–6

Problem 20-39

Calculate the K_a’s of the following acids:

(a) Citric acid, pK_a = 3.14

(b) Tartaric acid, pK_a = 2.98

Problem 20-40

Thioglycolic acid, HSCH₂CO₂H, a substance used in depilatory agents (hair removers) has pK_a = 3.42. What is the percent dissociation of thioglycolic acid in a buffer solution at pH = 3.0?

Problem 20-41

In humans, the final product of purine degradation from DNA is uric acid, pK_a = 5.61, which is excreted in the urine. What is the percent dissociation of uric acid in urine at a typical pH= 6.0? Why do you think uric acid is acidic even though it does not have a CO₂H group?

Problem 20-42

Some pK_a data for simple dibasic acids is shown. How can you account for the fact that the difference between the first and second ionization constants decreases with increasing distance between the carboxyl groups?

Name	Structure	pK1	pK2
Oxalic	HO2CCO2H	1.2	4.2
Succinic	HO2CCH2CH2CO2H	4.2	5.6
Adipic	HO2C(CH2)4CO2H	4.4	5.4

 

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles

Problem 20-43

How could you convert butanoic acid into the following compounds? Write each step showing the reagents needed.

(a) 1-butanol

(b) 1-bromobutane

(c) pentanoic acid

(d) 1-butene

(e) octane

Problem 20-44

How could you convert each of the following compounds into butanoic acid? Write each step showing all reagents.

(a) 1-butanol

(b) 1-bromobutane

(c) 1-butene

(d) 1-bromopropane

(e) 4-octene

Problem 20-45

How could you convert butanenitrile into the following compounds? Write each step showing the reagents needed.

(a) butanol

(b) butylamine

(c) methyl-3-hexanone

Problem 20-46

How would you prepare the following compounds from benzene? More than one step is needed in each case.

(a) m-chlorobenzoic acid

(b) p-bromobenzoic acid

(c) phenylacetic acid, C₆H₅CH₂CO₂H

Problem 20-47

Predict the product of the reaction of p-methylbenzoic acid with each of the following:

(a) LiAlH₄, then H₃O⁺

(b) N-Bromosuccinimide in CCl₄

(c) CH₃MgBr in ether, then H₃O⁺

(d) KMnO₄, H₃O+

Problem 20-48

Using ¹³CO₂ as your only source of labeled carbon, along with any other compounds needed, how would you synthesize the following compounds?

(a) CH₃CH₂¹³CO₂H

(b) CH₃¹³CH₂CO₂H

Problem 20-49

How would you carry out the following transformations?

Problem 20-50

Which method—Grignard carboxylation or nitrile hydrolysis—would you use for each of the following reactions? Explain.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Problem 20-51

1,6-Hexanediamine, a starting material needed for making nylon, can be made from 1,3-butadiene. How would you accomplish the synthesis?

Problem 20-52

Methyl-2-hexenoic acid (mixture of E and Z isomers) has been identified as the substance responsible for the odor of human sweat. Synthesize the compound from starting materials having five or fewer carbons.

 

Spectroscopy

Problem 20-53

Propose a structure for a compound C₆H₁₂O₂ that dissolves in dilute NaOH and shows the following ¹H NMR spectrum: 1.08 δ (9 H, singlet), 2.2 δ (2 H, singlet), and 11.2 δ (1 H, singlet).

Problem 20-54

What spectroscopic method could you use to distinguish among the following three isomeric acids? Tell what characteristic features you would expect for each acid.

Problem 20-55

How would you use NMR (either ¹³C or ¹H) to distinguish between the following pairs of isomers?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Problem 20-56

Compound A, C₄H₈O₃, has infrared absorptions at 1710 and 2500 to 3100 cm^–1 and has the ¹H NMR spectrum shown. Propose a structure for A.

 

General Problems

Problem 20-57

A chemist in need of 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid decided to synthesize some by reaction of 2-chloro-2-methylpentane with NaCN, followed by hydrolysis of the product. After the reaction sequence was carried out, however, none of the desired product could be found. What do you suppose went wrong?

Problem 20-58

Show how you might prepare the anti-inflammatory agent ibuprofen starting from isobutylbenzene. More than one step is needed.

Problem 20-59

The following synthetic schemes all have at least one flaw in them. What is wrong with each?

(a)

                             

(b)

(c)

Problem 20-60

p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) was once widely used as a sunscreen agent. Propose a synthesis of PABA starting from toluene.

Problem 20-61

Propose a synthesis of the anti-inflammatory drug fenclorac from phenylcyclohexane.

Problem 20-62

The pK_a’s of five p-substituted benzoic acids (YC₆H₄CO₂H) are listed below. Rank the corresponding substituted benzenes (YC₆H₅) in order of their increasing reactivity toward electrophilic aromatic substitution. If benzoic acid has pK_a = 4.19, which of the substituents are activators and which are deactivators?

Problem 20-63

How would you carry out the following transformations? More than one step is needed in each case.

Problem 20-64

The following pK_a values have been measured. Explain why a hydroxyl group in the para position decreases the acidity while a hydroxyl group in the meta position increases the acidity.

Problem 20-65

Identify the missing reagents a–f in the following scheme:

Problem 20-66

Propose a structure for a compound, C₄H₇N, that has the following IR and ¹H NMR spectra:

Problem 20-67

The two ¹H NMR spectra shown here belong to crotonic acid (trans-CH₃CH=CHCO₂H) and methacrylic acid [H₂C=C(CH₃)CO₂H]. Which spectrum corresponds to which acid? Explain.

(a)

(b)

Problem 20-68

The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra below belong to a compound with formula C₆H₁₀O₂. Propose a structure for this compound.

(a)

(b)

Problem 20-69

Propose structures for carboxylic acids that show the following peaks in their ¹³C NMR spectra. Assume that the kinds of carbons (1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°) have been assigned by DEPT-NMR.

(a) C₇H₁₂O₂: 25.5 δ (2°), 25.9 δ (2°), 29.0 δ (2°), 43.1 δ (3°), 183.0 δ (4°)

(b) C₈H₈O₂: 21.4 δ (1°), 128.3 δ (4°), 129.0 δ (3°), 129.7 δ (3°), 143.1 δ (4°), 168.2 δ (4°)

Problem 20-70

Carboxylic acids having a second carbonyl group two atoms away lose CO₂ (decarboxylate) through an intermediate enolate ion when treated with base. Write the mechanism of this decarboxylation reaction using curved arrows to show the electron flow in each step.