Organic chemistry in the 20th century changed the world, giving us new medicines, food preservatives, insecticides, adhesives, textiles, dyes, building materials, composites, and all manner of polymers. But these advances did not come without a cost: Almost every chemical process produces waste that must be dealt with, including reaction solvents and toxic by-products that might evaporate into the air or be leached into groundwater if not disposed of properly.

It may never be possible to make organic chemistry completely benign, but awareness of the environmental problems caused by many chemical processes has grown dramatically in recent years, giving rise to a movement called green chemistry. Green chemistry is the design and implementation of chemical products and processes that reduce waste and attempt to eliminate the generation of hazardous substances. There are 12 principles of green chemistry:

• Prevent waste – Waste should be prevented rather than treated or cleaned up after it has been created.
• Maximize atom economy – Synthetic methods should maximize the incorporation of all materials used in a process into the final product so that waste is minimized.
• Use less hazardous processes – Synthetic methods should use reactants and generate wastes with minimal toxicity to health and the environment.
• Design safer chemicals – Chemical products should be designed to have minimal toxicity.
• Use safer solvents – Minimal use should be made of solvents, separation agents, and other auxiliary substances in a reaction.
• Design for energy efficiency – Energy requirements for chemical processes should be minimized, with reactions carried out at room temperature if possible.
• Use renewable feedstocks – Raw materials should come from renewable sources when feasible.
• Minimize derivatives – Syntheses should be designed with minimal use of protecting groups to avoid extra steps and reduce waste.
• Use catalysis – Reactions should be catalytic rather than stoichiometric.
• Design for degradation – Products should be designed to be biodegradable at the end of their useful lifetimes.
• Monitor pollution in real time – Processes should be monitored in real time for the formation of hazardous substances.
• Prevent accidents – Chemical substances and processes should minimize the potential for fires, explosions, or other accidents.

The foregoing 12 principles may not all be met in most real-world applications, but they provide a worthy goal and they can make chemists think more carefully about the environmental implications of their work. Real success stories have occurred, and more are in progress. Approximately 7 million pounds per year of ibuprofen (6 billion tablets!) are now made by a “green” process that produces approximately 99% less waste than the process it replaces. Only three steps are needed, the anhydrous HF solvent used in the first step is recovered and reused, and the second and third steps are catalytic.