Lab 9A: Review lab – Respiratory system anatomy
Learning Objectives
- Recall and identify structures as listed in the terms charts
- Compare and contrast foundational respiratory system anatomy to recognize the similarities and differences between species.
- Associate normal anatomy with clinical diseases and procedures.
This review lab covers all the respiratory anatomy labs. All lab content will be assessed in a single practical exam (part of FF Exam 3).
Review Videos
Lab 1:
Dog nasal structures, Spradley – 5 min, watch until 32:30
Dog nasal structures, Walker – 5 min, watch until 5:20
Dog nasopharynx, Spradley – 2 min, watch until 4:00
Dog nasopharynx, Walker – 2 min, watch until 19:00
Horse hyoid – Watch until 2 min
Horse, pig nasal cavity, nasopharynx – watch until 8:30
Pig nasopharynx – 1 min, watch until 12:30
Calf and pig pharyngeal septum and auditory tube – 2 min
2025 videos:
Nasal cavity vs nasopharynx – 1 min
Dog nasal cavity – 4 min
Comparative nasopharynx – 7 min
Hyoid apparatus – 5 min
Lab 2:
Dog larynx – 5 min
Dog larynx – 6 min, watch until 17 min (generally same information as video above)
Horse larynx – 8:30 min, watch until 10 min
Pig larynx – 2 min
2025 video:
Comparative larynges – 12 min
Lab 3:
Horse and ruminant paranasal sinuses – 8 min
Horse guttural pouch – 1 min, watch until 8 min
Cranial nerves associated with the guttural pouch – 6 min, watch until 11:30
Lab 5:
Pleura – Watch until 2 min
Basal border of lung & costodiaphragmatic recess – 2 min, watch until 6:30
Pericardium – Walker, 2 min, watch until 26:00
Pericardium – Spradley, watch until 2 min
Ungulate thorax osteology – Review. 5 min
Horse LOPR – 2 min
Ruminant LOPR – 4 min, watch until 8:00
Plica vena cava – 2 min, watch until 17:30
Pleura and mediastinum – 6 min, watch until 2 min
Lab 7:
CVM Equine lung auscultation video – watch 5:08-6:18
Carnivore lungs – 5 min, watch until 7 min
Ungulate lung comparison – 11 min
Terms
Lab 1
| Carnivore terms |
|
|---|---|
| Nose and Nasal Cavity |
|
| Nasal cavity | Dorsal nasal concha |
| Nostril | Ventral nasal concha |
| Nasal septum | Ethmoidal conchae |
| Nasal vestibule | Dorsal nasal meatus |
| Opening of nasolacrimal duct | Middle nasal meatus |
| Choana(e) | Ventral nasal meatus |
| Common nasal meatus | |
| Pharynx | Paranasal sinuses |
| Nasopharynx | Frontal sinus |
| Palatopharyngeal arches | Maxillary recess |
| Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube | Lateral nasal gland – be aware of presence, not identified. |
| Intrapharyngeal ostium | Sphenoid sinus (cat) |
| Soft palate | |
| Hyoid apparatus bones |
Hyoid muscle |
| Stylohyoid | Sternohyoideus m. |
| Epihyoid | Thyrohyoideus m. |
| Ceratohyoid | Mylohyoideus m. |
| Basihyoid | Geniohyoideus m. |
| Thyrohyoid | |
| Ungulate terms |
|
|---|---|
| Nose and Nasal cavity | Identify in all ungulates unless specified |
| Nasal cavity | |
| Nostril | |
| Nasal vestibule | |
| Dorsal nasal concha | |
| Ventral nasal concha | |
| Middle nasal concha | horse and ruminant |
| Ethmoidal conchae | |
| Dorsal nasal meatus | |
| Middle nasal meatus | |
| Ventral nasal meatus | |
| Common nasal meatus | |
| Nasal septum | |
| Nasal diverticulum | Horse = false nostril |
| Choana(e) | Opening(s) of nasal cavity into nasopharynx |
| Opening of nasolacrimal duct | Horse only |
| Nasopharynx – ungulates |
|
| Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube | |
| Palatopharyngeal arch | |
| Soft palate | |
| (Dorsal) pharyngeal recess | |
| Intrapharyngeal ostium | |
| Pharyngeal septum | Ruminant, pig |
| Pharyngeal diverticulum | Pig |
| Hyoid apparatus – horse only |
Comments |
| Stylohyoid | Attaches to skull via tympanohyoid cartilage |
| Ceratohyoid | |
| Basihyoid | |
| Lingual process (of basihyoid) | |
| Thyrohyoid | Attaches to thyroid cartilage of larynx |
Lab 2
| Carnivore | |
| Laryngopharynx | Larynx |
| Piriform recesses | Epiglottis |
| Aryepiglottic fold | |
| Thyroid cartilage | |
| Cricothyroid ligament | |
| Cricoid cartilage | |
| Cricoarytenoid joint – be aware of | |
| Arytenoid cartilages | |
| Trachea | Muscular process |
| Tracheal cartilages | Corniculate process (dog only) |
| Cuneiform process (dog only) | |
| Vocal process | |
| Vestibular fold (dog only) | |
| Laryngeal ventricle (dog only) | |
| Vocal fold | |
| Glottis | |
| Rima glottidis or glottic cleft | |
| Cricothyroideus m. | |
| Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m. | |
| Caudal (recurrent) laryngeal n. (be aware of function) | |
| Ungulate | |
| Feature | Comment |
| Laryngopharynx | |
| Piriform recesses | |
| Larynx | |
| Epiglottis | |
| Aryepiglottic fold | |
| Thyroid cartilage | |
| thyroid notch | notch in ventral caudal border |
| Cricothyroid ligament | laryngotomy site |
| Cricoid cartilage | |
| Cricoarytenoid joint | be aware of function |
| Arytenoid cartilages | |
| Muscular process | |
| Corniculate process | |
| Vocal process | |
| Vestibular fold | horse |
| Laryngeal ventricle | horse, pig |
| Vocal fold | split in the pig (forming entrance to ventricle) |
| Glottis | |
| Rima glottidis or glottic cleft | |
| Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m. | |
| Caudal (recurrent) laryngeal n. | be aware of function |
| Trachea | |
| tracheal cartilages | |
Lab 3
| Paranasal sinuses | |
| Features | Comments, horse, ox, or both |
| Frontal sinus | horse and ox |
| Rostral frontal sinus | ox |
| Frontal sinus septum | ox, divides caudal and rostral parts |
| Caudal frontal sinus | ox |
| cornual diverticulum | ox |
| nuchal diverticulum | ox |
| post-orbital diverticulum | ox |
| Dorsal conchal sinus | horse |
| Ventral conchal sinus | horse |
| Middle conchal sinus | horse |
| Conchofrontal sinus | horse, combined space of frontal and dorsal conchal |
| Maxillary sinus | horse and ox |
| Lacrimal bulla | ox, maxillary sinus extension into space of orbit |
| Caudal maxillary sinus | horse |
| Maxillary sinus septum | horse, divides rostral and caudal parts |
| Rostral maxillary sinus | horse |
| Frontomaxillary opening | horse: conchofrontal to caudal maxillary sinus |
| Nasomaxillary (sinonasal) opening | horse: maxillary sinuses to nasal cavity, located at caudal end of middle nasal meatus |
| Infraorbital canal | horse, feature of maxillary sinus anatomy |
| Sphenopalatine sinus | horse |
| Palatine sinus | ox, located in hard palate |
| Guttural Pouches – Horse |
|
| Guttural pouch | left and right pouches are present |
| Lateral compartment | |
| Medial compartment | |
| Median septum | mucosal and muscle parts |
| Stylohyoid bone | |
| Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube | opening in nasopharynx, endoscopic access to GP |
| Internal carotid a. | |
| External carotid a. | |
| Retropharyngeal lnn. | medial and lateral – learn as one cluster |
| CNs X, XII | |
| CNs VII, VIII, IX, XI | not to identify, be aware of clinical signs of GP disease |
| Sympathetic trunk and cranial cervical ganglion | not to identify, be aware part of GP wall anatomy |
| Longus capitis m. | not to identify, be aware of clinical signs of GP disease |
| Rectus capitis ventralis m. | not to identify, be aware of clinical signs of GP disease |
Lab 5
| Carnivore and Ungulate | |
| Feature | Species/Comments |
| Thoracic inlet | identify, know boundaries |
| Thoracic outlet | identify, know boundaries |
| Pleura | |
| Visceral (pulmonary) pleura | that covering the lungs |
| Parietal pleura | 3 regions as listed next. |
| Costal pleura | |
| Mediastinal pleura | |
| Pericardial pleura | = the mediastinal pleura covering the heart |
| Diaphragmatic pleura | |
| Pleural cavity | |
| Cupula pleura | all, evident on right side in ungulates. |
| Costodiaphragmatic recess | |
| Line of pleural reflection | |
| Basal border of lung | |
| Mediastinum | divided into 5 regions as listed next: |
| cranial mediastinum | in front of heart |
| middle mediastinum | contains heart |
| dorsal mediastinum | above heart |
| ventral mediastinum | below heart – very narrow region |
| caudal mediastinum | caudal to heart |
| Trachea | thoracic part |
| Plica vena cava | identified on right, related to caudal vena cava |
| Pulmonary ligament | |
Lab 7
| Carnivore |
|
| Features | Comments |
| Apex of lung | the cranial end |
| Base of lung | the caudal end |
| Left lung | |
| Cranial lobe of left lung | with cranial and caudal parts |
| Caudal lobe of left lung | |
| Right lung | |
| Cranial lobe of right lung | |
| Middle lobe of right lung | |
| Caudal lobe of right lung | |
| Accessory lobe of right lung | |
| Root of lung | |
| Hilus of lung | |
| Cardiac notch | A feature of the right lung |
| Trachea | |
| Tracheal cartilage | |
| Carina | Viewed luminally |
| Principal bronchus | Left and right |
| Lobar bronchus (pl. bronchi) | Left and right, to each lung lobe |
| Ungulate |
|
| Features | Comments |
| Apex of lung | the cranial end |
| Base of lung | the caudal end |
| Left lung | |
| Cranial lobe of left lung | |
| Caudal lobe of left lung | |
| Right lung | |
| Cranial lobe of right lung | |
| Middle lobe of right lung | ruminant and pig, not present in horse |
| Caudal lobe of right lung | |
| Accessory lobe of right lung | |
| Root of lung | |
| Hilus of lung | |
| Cardiac notch | present left and right lungs |
| Trachea | |
| Tracheal cartilage | |
| Tracheal bronchus | ruminant and pig, not present in horse |
| Carina | Viewed luminally |
| Principal bronchus | Left and right |
| Lobar bronchus (pl. bronchi) | Left and right, to each lung lobe |
| Basal border of lung | |
| Lung auscultation boundaries | |