Lab 5A: Male Review Lab
Learning Objectives
- Review the unit materials.
Review videos
Lab 1:
Pelvis osteology – 4 min
Inguinal rings (dog) – 3 min, watch until 24:30
Deep inguinal ring (horse) – watch until 7 min
Lab 2:
Pelvic wall muscles – watch until 4 min
Dog bladder and pelvic urethra – 5 min, watch until 6:30
Lab 3:
Layers of the testicle – 15 min
Dr. Gallenstein explains a dog neuter (and the layers of the testicle) – 10 min
Male dog penis – 19 min
Lab 4:
Tracing the path of sperm – 3 min
Comparing accessory sex glands across species – 6 min
Comparing fibroelastic penises to musculocavernosus penises – 5 min
Stallion (horse) penis cross-section – 2.5 minutes
Buck (goat) pelvic cavity – 9 min
Bull calf pelvic cavity – 15 min
Urethral recess – ox – 2.5 minutes
Boar (pig) pelvic cavity – 30 min
Fresh Boar Tract – 7 min
Stallion (horse) prepuce – 10 min
Terms
Lab 1:
| Boundaries of the Pelvic Cavity | ||
| Osteology | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Pelvic girdle/pelvis | ||
| Pelvic symphysis | ||
| Os coxae | ||
| Ilium | Wing of the Ilium | |
| Tuber coxae | ||
| Body of the Ilium | ||
| Ischium | Ischiatic tuberosity | |
| Ischiatic arch | ||
| Obturator foramen | ||
| Greater ischiatic notch | ||
| Lesser ischiatic notch | ||
| Pubis | Body of the Pubis | |
| Sacrum | Wings of the sacrum | |
| Promontory | ||
| Pelvic girdle (pelvis) | Pelvic inlet (and define boundaries) | |
| Pelvic outlet (and define boundaries) | ||
| Pelvic symphysis | ||
| Sacroiliac joint | ||
| Sacrotuberous ligament | Dog only | |
| Sacrosciatic ligament | aka broad sacrotuberous ligament | Ungulates |
| Greater ischiatic (sciatic) foramen | ||
| Lesser ischiatic (sciatic) foramen | ||
| Sciatic nerve | ||
| Pelvic canal | ||
| Pelvic inlet | ||
| Pelvic outlet | ||
| Pelvic diaphragm mm. | Levator ani and coccygeus mm. | Will be identified later this unit |
| Ischiorectal fossa | Depression between lateral aspect of pelvic diaphragm mm. and medial aspect of ischiatic tuberosity | |
| Inguinal Canal and Peritoneum | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Inguinal canal | Short fissure between superficial inguinal ring and deep inguinal ring | |
| Superficial inguinal ring | Slit in external abdominal oblique (EAO) | |
| Deep inguinal ring | Caudal edge of Internal abdominal oblique m. | Cranial boundary |
| Inguinal ligament (caudal edge of EAO) | Caudolateral boundary | |
| Lateral edge of the rectus abdominus muscle | Medial boundary | |
| Parietal peritoneum | Internal lining of abdominal cavity (very thin and shiny) | |
| Transversalis fascia | External lining of abdominal cavity (thicker white, fibrous layer) | |
| Vaginal tunic | Combination of tissue layers which contains the spermatic cord | |
| The Terminal Aorta and its Branches | |
| Term | Features |
| External iliac arteries | Deep femoral artery |
| Pudendoepigastric trunk (PE trunk) | |
| Caudal epigastric artery | |
| External pudendal artery | |
| Femoral artery | |
| Vascular lacuna | Space that contains the femoral vessels |
| Internal iliac arteries | |
| Median sacral artery | |
| Genitofemoral nerve | |
Lab 2:
| Urinary Bladder | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Urinary bladder | Apex | |
| Neck | ||
| Trigone | Know boundaries | |
| Ligaments of the bladder | Median | Only one median ligament of the bladder. Fetus – contains urachus and umbilical arteries. |
| Lateral | Contain ureter and umbilical arteries. | |
| Round | Cranial free edges of the lateral ligaments. | |
| Umbilical aa. and urachus | Fetal structures. ID in calves only. | |
| Ureters | Spelling counts here. Do not confuse with urethra! | |
| Ureteral openings | ||
| Detrusor m. | Innervated by pelvic nerve – parasympathetic | |
| Internal urethral sphincter | Innervated by hypogastric nerve – sympathetic | |
| Urethra | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Pelvic urethra | ||
| Prostatic urethra | Males | |
| Penile urethra | Males | |
| Urethralis m./external urethral sphincter | Innervated by pudendal n. – somatic/voluntary | |
| External urethral orifice | Female – empties into the vestibuleMales – empties at the distal end of the penis | |
| Perineum and Pelvic Diaphragm Muscles | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Levator ani m. | ||
| Coccygeus m. | ||
| Rectum | ||
| Anus | ||
| Anal canal | Continuation of the rectum to the anus | |
| Paranal sinuses (anal sacs) | ||
| Internal sphincter muscle | ||
| External sphincter muscle | ||
| Caudal rectal nerve | Provides voluntary control over defecation | Branch of the pudendal n. |
| Caudal rectal a. | Branch of the internal pudendal artery | |
| Rectococcygeus muscle | ||
Lab 3:
| Carnivore Penis |
||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Prostate gland | ||
| Bulbourethral gland | Tomcat only | |
| Prepuce | External lamina | |
| Internal lamina | ||
| Preputial orifice | ||
| Root of penis | Crus – left and right | |
| Ischiocavernosus m | ||
| Corpus cavernosum penis | ||
| Bulb of penis | ||
| Bulbospongiosus m | ||
| Corpus spongiosum penis | ||
| Retractor penis m | ||
| Body of penis | Corpus cavernosum penis | |
| Corpus spongiosum penis | ||
| Tunica albuginea penis | ||
| Glans penis | Bulbus glandis | Dog only |
| Pars longa glandis | ||
| Corpus spongiosum penis | ||
| Os penis | Urethral groove | |
| Deep artery of penis | Do not ID. Know what it supplies. | |
| Artery of the bulb of penis | Do not ID. Know what it supplies. | |
| Dorsal artery of penis | Do not ID. Know what it supplies. | |
Carnivore Testicle |
||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| External spermatic fascia | ||
| Internal spermatic fascia | ||
| Parietal vaginal tunic | ||
| Vaginal cavity | ||
| Visceral vaginal tunic | ||
| ID the tissue layers incised during a closed vs. open castration | ||
| Genital Fold | ||
| Spermatic cord | Ductus deferens | |
| Mesoductus deferens | ||
| Artery of the ductus deferens | ||
| Testicular a/v/n/l | ||
| Mesorchium | ||
| Pampiniform plexus | ||
| Cremaster m. | ||
| Testes | Tunica albuginea testes | |
| Epididymis | Head, body, and tail of the epididymis | |
| Ligament of tail of epididymis | ||
| Scrotal ligament | ||
| Proper ligament of testes | ||
| Scrotum | Tunica dartos (understand concept) | |
Lab 4:
| Scrotum, spermatic fascia, testicles | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Tunica dartos | ||
| Septum of the scrotum | ||
| Raphe of the scrotum | ||
| External spermatic fascia | ||
| Internal spermatic fascia | ||
| Parietal vaginal tunic | ||
| Vaginal cavity | ||
| Visceral vaginal tunic | ||
| Tunica albuginea testes | ||
| Testis (parenchyma of testes) | ||
| Epididymis | Head of the epididymis | |
| Body of the epididymis | ||
| Tail of the epididymis | Continues as the ductus deferens | |
| Proper ligament of the testis | The tail of the epididymis is attached to the testis by the proper ligament of the testis. | |
| Ligament of the tail of the epididymis | The ligament of the tail of the epididymis attaches the tail of the epididymis to the parietal vaginal tunic. | |
| Scrotal ligament | Attaches the internal spermatic fascia to the inner scrotal wall. | |
| Testicular bursa | ||
| Spermatic cord | Ductus deferens | |
| a/v of the ductus deferens | ||
| Mesoductus deferens | ||
| Testicular a/v/n | ||
| Mesorchium | ||
| Pampiniform plexus | ||
| Cremaster m. | Caudal slip of the internal abdominal oblique m. ID in the abdomen and adjacent to the anatomic spermatic cord. Note that many clinicians will include the cremaster m. as part of the spermatic cord (clinical term) but that anatomically it is outside of the internal spermatic fascia surrounded by external spermatic fascia and therefore not part of the anatomic spermatic cord. | |
Accessory sex glands |
|
| Term | Species differences/comments |
| Ampulla of the ductus deferens | Horse and ruminants |
| Vesicular glands | Ungulates only |
| Compact prostate gland | All but small ruminant |
| Disseminate prostate gland | Ruminants and porcine |
| Bulbourethral gland | Not in dogs |
Internal bladder, pelvic urethra |
|
| Term | Species differences/comments |
| Urethralis m./external urethral sphincter | Innervated by pudendal n. (somatic) |
| Pelvic urethra | |
| Internal urethral orifice | Opening between trigone and prostate gland, in neck of bladder. Innervated by pelvic nerve (parasympathetic) |
| Trigone of the bladder | |
Penis, associated muscles and penile urethra |
||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Fibroelastic type | ||
| Musculocavernous type | ||
| Penis | Root | Composed of bulb and crura |
| Body | ||
| Glans | ||
| Free part of the penis | ||
| Penile urethra | ||
| Bulb of the penis | Bulbospongiosus m. | |
| Corpus spongiosum | ||
| Crura of the penis | Corpus cavernosum penis | |
| Tunica albuginea penis | ||
| Ischiocavernosus m. | ||
| Retractor penis muscles | ||
| Urethral recess | ||
| Body of the penis | Sigmoid flexure | |
| Corpus cavernosum & Corpus spongiosum | ||
| Glans penis | Corpus spongiosum glandis | |
| External urethral orifice | Urethral process | |
| Fossa glandis | ||
| Urethral sinus | ||
| Smegma/bean | ||
Prepuce and Free Part of the Penis |
|
| Term | Species differences/comments |
| External lamina | |
| Preputial orifice | |
| Internal lamina | |
| Preputial fornix | |
| Free part of the penis | |
| Frenulum of the prepuce | |
| Raphe of the prepuce | |
| Raphe of the penis | |
| Preputial diverticulum | Boar |
| Preputial fold | Horse only |
| Outer preputial fornix | Horse only |
| Preputial ring | Horse only |
| Inner preputial fornix | Horse only |
Vasculature and innervation of the penis |
||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Internal pudendal artery | No ID – Know as origin of A. of Penis | |
| Artery of the penis | Artery of the bulb | No ID – understand what it supplies |
| Deep artery of the penis | No ID – understand what it supplies | |
| Dorsal artery of the penis | No ID – understand what it supplies | |
| External pudendal venous plexus | ||
| Dorsal nn. of the penis | ||
| Pudendal nerves | ||