Lab 12A: Female review lab
Learning Objectives
- Review unit materials
Review videos
Lab 6A, 7A, 8A:
Female dog reproductive tract, cadaver and wet specimen – 16 min
Female dog repro, wet specimen – 5 min
Dr. Gallenstein explains the anatomy of a dog spay – 8 min
Mare Pelvic Cavity – 15 minutes
Mare repro tract – 7 minutes
Cow repro tract – 8 minutes
Sow repro tract – 7 minutes
Udder, placenta – 6 minutes
Placentation review – 10 minutes
Lab 9A:
Fetal Circulation – 14 min
Udder and placenta– 6 min
Placentation review – 10 min
Calf umbilical arteries – Watch until 3 min
Lab 10A:
Fetal Circulation – 14 min
Udder and placenta– 6 min
Placentation review – 10 min
Calf umbilical arteries – Watch until 3 min
Lab 11A:
Dog pelvic cavity a./v./n., Gerard – 8 min
Dog pelvic cavity a./v./n., Gerard – 30 min
Dog pelvic cavity a./v./n., Gallenstein – 21 min
Mare pelvic a./v./n. – 7 min
Mare PE Trunk – 4 min
Buck pelvic a./v./n. – 10 min, watch until 20:30
Calf pelvic cavity – 14 min
Terms
Lab 6A, 7A, 8A:
| Ovaries, Uterus, and Associated Structures | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Ovaries | ||
| Ovarian bursa | ||
| Ovulation fossa | ID in mare only | |
| Mesovarium | ||
| Mesosalpinx | ||
| Infundibulum | Present in all. ID in ungulates. | |
| Uterus | ||
| Uterine horns | ||
| Intercornual ligaments | ID in bovine only | |
| Uterine tube | ||
| Abdominal opening of the uterine tube | ||
| Uterine body | ||
| Cervix | ||
| Internal uterine ostium | ||
| External uterine ostium | ||
| Intrapelvic Female Reproductive Tract | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Vagina | ||
| Vaginal Fornix | Not in the sow | |
| Vestibule | ||
| Vestibular bulbs | Do not ID. Know what and where they are | |
| Urethra | ||
| Suburethral diverticulum | Ruminant and Sow only | |
| External urethral orifice | ||
| Urethral tubercle | ||
| Vulva | ||
| Labia | ||
| Vulvar cleft | ||
| Ventral commissure | ||
| Dorsal commissure | ||
| Clitoris/Glans clitoridis | ||
| Fossa clitoridis | ||
| Sinus clitoridis | ID in mare only | |
| Connecting Peritoneal Structures of the Female Reproductive Tract | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Broad ligament | ||
| Mesometrium | ||
| Mesovarium | ||
| Mesosalpinx | ||
| Suspensory ligament | ||
| Proper ligament of the ovary | ||
| Round ligament of the uterus | ||
| Vaginal Process | dog only | |
| Peritoneal Pouches | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Rectum | ||
| Line of peritoneal reflection | ID in mare only | |
| Urinary bladder | ||
| Rectogenital pouch | ID in mare only | |
| Mesorectum | ||
| Pararectal fossa | ID in mare only | |
| Vesicogenital pouch | ID in mare only | |
| Pubovesical pouch | ID in mare only | |
Lab 9A:
| Placenta and associated structures | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Chorioallantois | ||
| Chorion | ||
| Allantois | ||
| Amnion | ||
| Endometrium | ||
| Cotyledons | Ruminant only. | |
| Placenta | ||
| Endometrium | ||
| Chorionic villi | ||
| Epitheliochorial placenta | Mare, sow | |
| Synepitheliochorial placenta | Ruminants | |
| Endotheliochorial placenta | Carnivores | |
| Diffuse placenta | Mare, sow | |
| Cervical star | Mare | |
| Zonary placentas | Carnivore | |
| Cotyledonary placentas | Ruminant | |
| Caruncles | Ruminants only. Concave in small ruminants; convex in bovine | |
| Placentomes | Ruminant only | |
| Discoid placenta | Rodents and Primates (know conceptually) | |
| Hemochorial | Rodents and Primates (know conceptually) | |
| Fetal Circulation and Fetal Structures | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Umbilical arteries | Identify in adults (non patent) and fetal calf (patent) | |
| Umbilical cord | Do not ID contents, know conceptually | |
| Urachus | Becomes median ligament of bladder | ID in fetal calf |
| Round ligaments of the bladder | Remnants of umbilical arteries | |
| Lateral ligaments of the bladder | ||
| Umbilical vein | Conceptual | |
| Round ligament of the liver | Conceptual | |
| Allantoic cavity | ||
| Amniotic cavity | ||
| Median ligament of the urinary bladder | Urachus in fetus | |
Mammary Glands – Vessels, Lymphatics, and Innervation |
||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| External pudendal artery | ID only in ungulate | |
| External pudendal vein | ID only in ungulate | |
| Milk veins | Know conceptually | |
| Cranial superficial epigastric vv. | Know conceptually | |
| Caudal superficial epigastric vv. | Know conceptually | |
| Superficial inguinal ln. | Can be called Mammary ln. in ungulates | |
| External iliac ln. | Only in ruminant | |
| Proximal femoral ln. | Horse, analogous to external iliac, know conceptually | |
| Genitofemoral nerve | ||
| Caudal mesenteric ganglion | sympathetic fibers from this ganglion accompany the genitofemoral n. through the inguinal canal and supply sympathetic innervation to the udder. | |
Lab 10A:
| Placenta and associated structures | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Chorioallantois | ||
| Chorion | ||
| Allantois | ||
| Amnion | ||
| Endometrium | ||
| Cotyledons | Ruminant only. | |
| Placenta | ||
| Endometrium | ||
| Chorionic villi | ||
| Epitheliochorial placenta | Mare, sow | |
| Synepitheliochorial placenta | Ruminants | |
| Endotheliochorial placenta | Carnivores | |
| Diffuse placenta | Mare, sow | |
| Cervical star | Mare | |
| Zonary placentas | Carnivore | |
| Cotyledonary placentas | Ruminant | |
| Caruncles | Ruminants only. Concave in small ruminants; convex in bovine | |
| Placentomes | Ruminant only | |
| Discoid placenta | Rodents and Primates (know conceptually) | |
| Hemochorial | Rodents and Primates (know conceptually) | |
| Fetal Circulation and Fetal Structures | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Umbilical arteries | ||
| Umbilical cord | ||
| Urachus | ||
| Round ligaments of the bladder | ||
| Lateral ligaments of the bladder | ||
| Umbilical vein | ||
| Round ligament of the liver | ||
| Allantoic cavity | ||
| Amniotic cavity | ||
| Median ligament of the urinary bladder | ||
Mammary Glands and Suspensory Apparatus |
||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Mammary glands | ||
| Quarters | ||
| Udder | ||
| Intermammary groove | ||
| Teat | ||
| Teat sinus | ||
| Gland sinus | ||
| Lactiferous sinus | ||
| Teat canal | ||
| Teat orifices | ||
| Glandular complexes | ||
| Suspensory apparatus | ||
| Lateral laminae | ||
| Elastic medial laminae | ||
| Inguinal pouches | ||
Mammary Glands – Vessels, Lymphatics, and Innervation |
||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| External pudendal artery | ID only in ungulate | |
| External pudendal vein | ID only in ungulate | |
| Milk veins | Know conceptually | |
| Cranial superficial epigastric vv. | Know conceptually | |
| Caudal superficial epigastric vv. | Know conceptually | |
| Superficial inguinal ln. | Can be called Mammary ln. in ungulates | |
| External iliac ln. | Only in ruminant | |
| Proximal femoral ln. | Horse, analogous to external iliac, know conceptually | |
| Genitofemoral nerve | ||
| Caudal mesenteric ganglion | sympathetic fibers from this ganglion accompany the genitofemoral n. through the inguinal canal and supply sympathetic innervation to the udder. | |
Lab 11A:
| Iliac arteries and Branches in the Carnivore | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| External iliac a. | ||
| Femoral a. | ||
| Vascular lacuna | ||
| Internal iliac a. | ||
| Median sacral a. | Unpaired | |
| Deep femoral a. | ||
| Pudendoepigastric (PE) trunk | Absent in cat. Know conceptually in dog. ID in large animal. | |
| External pudendal a. | Know conceptually in carnivore. ID in large animal. | |
| Caudal epigastric a. | ||
| Superficial caudal epigastric a. | Know conceptually. | |
| Superficial inguinal lymph node | ||
| Umbilical a. | Round ligament of the bladder (in adult) | |
| Caudal gluteal a. | ID in carnivore only. | |
| Internal pudendal a. | ID in carnivore only. | |
| Lateral ligament of the bladder | ||
| Caudal vesical a. | No need to ID. Know what it supplies. | |
| Cranial gluteal a. | No need to ID. Know what it supplies. | |
| Vaginal/prostatic a. | ID in carnivore only. | |
| Uterine a. | ID in all adjacent to uterus. | |
| Artery of the ductus deferens | ID in spermatic cord or next to ductus before it enters deep inguinal ring. | |
| Ovarian/testicular a. | ||
| Ovarian pedicle | Clinical term. Ovarian a./v., intra-abdominal fat | |
| Ventral perineal a. | ID in carnivore only. | |
| Artery of the penis/clitorisID in carnivores | Deep artery of the penis | Know what it supplies |
| Artery of the bulb of the penis | Know what it supplies | |
| Dorsal artery of the penis | Know what it supplies | |
| Caudal rectal a. | ID in carnivore only. Know what it supplies. | |
| Nerves of the Pelvic Cavity in the Carnivore | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Pelvic plexus | ID in carnivore only. The pelvic plexus ganglia contain the cell bodies of post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves. The plexus itself has both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. | |
| Pelvic nerve | ID in carnivore only. Parasympathetic. | |
| Hypogastric nerves | ID in carnivore only, coming from ca. mesenteric gangion and plexus. Sympathetic. | |
| Perineal nerve(s) | FYI: Deep and superficial | ID in carnivore only. |
| Pudendal nerve | ID in carnivore only. Somatic. | |
| Caudal rectal nerve | ID in carnivore only. Somatic to external anal sphincter. | |
| Dorsal n of the penis/clitoris | ID in carnivore. | |
| Ungulate Lymph nodes and Aortic termination | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Medial iliac lymph nodes | ||
| External iliac lymph node | Follow the external iliac a. caudally, and this will be the large ln lateral to it. | ID in calf only. Ruminants possess these. |
| External iliac a. | ||
| Internal iliac a. | ||
| Median sacral a. | ||
| Deep circumflex iliac a. | ||
| Uterine/artery of the ductus deferens | ID uterine artery adjacent to uterus. | |
| Femoral a. | ||
| Deep femoral a. | ||
| Pudendoepigastric (PE) trunk | ||
| External pudendal a. | ID within abdominal cavity. | |
| Caudal epigastric a. | ||
| Nerves in the Ungulate Pelvic Cavity | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Pudendal nerve | ID in carnivore only. Know what it supplies. Somatic innervation to PC. | |
| Caudal rectal nerve | NOT a branch of the pudendal nerve in the ungulate. ID in carnivore only. What does it innervate? Type of innervation? | |
| Perineal nerve(s) | FYI: Deep and superficial | ID in carnivore only. |
| Dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris | ID in carnivore only. | |
| Pelvic plexus | ID in carnivore only. Know what type of innervation is present. Which nerve cell bodies synapse here? | |
| Pelvic nerve | ID in carnivore only. What does it innervate and what type of innervation does it supply in all species? | |
| Hypogastric nerve | ID in carnivore only. What does it innervate and what type of innervation does it supply in all species? | |
| Genitofemoral nerve | ID in carnivore only. See alongside external pudendal a. and/or within abdomen. What does it innervate and what type of innervation does it supply in all species? What structures? | |
| Caudal mesenteric ganglion | ID in carnivore only. What type of innervation does it supply in all species? | |
| Ungulate Pelvic Cavity and Reproductive Vasculature | ||
| Term | Features | Species differences/comments |
| Uterine a. | ID adjacent to uterus only. | |
| Internal iliac a. | ||
| External iliac a. | ||
| Internal pudendal a. | ID in carnivore only. Know what it supplies. | |
| Caudal gluteal a. | ID in carnivore only. Know what it supplies. | |
| Vaginal/prostatic a. | ID in carnivore only. Know what it supplies. | |
| Caudal rectal a. | ID in carnivore only. Know what it supplies. | |
| Ventral perineal a. | ID in carnivore only. Know what it supplies. | |
| Artery of the penis/clitoris | Artery of penis/clitoris: ID without following further branches | |
| Deep artery of the penis | Know what it supplies. | |
| Artery of the bulb of the penis | Know what it supplies. | |
| Dorsal artery of the penis | Know what it supplies. | |
| External pudendal venous plexus | Know conceptually. Recall drains the penis post-copulation, | |
| Accessory external pudendal vein | Male horse only. Know conceptually, ie external pudendal venous plexus drains through this vessel. The external pudendal v. is present but is comparatively much smaller. | |
| Superficial inguinal ln | Also called mammary ln in dairy animals in particular. | ID in carnivores where still present and adjacent to mammary tissue in cadavers or wet specimens. |