Key Terms

• carboxyl group
• carboxylation
• carboxylic acid, RCO₂H
• nitrile
• acid anhydride
• acid halide
• acyl phosphate
• amide
• carboxylic acid derivative
• chain-growth polymer
• ester
• Fischer esterification reaction
• lactam
• lactone
• nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction
• saponification
• step-growth polymer
• thioester

Summary of Reactions

Preparation of carboxylic acids (Section 11.4)

• Oxidation of alkylbenzenes

 

• Hydrolysis of nitriles

Reactions of carboxylic acids (Section 11.6)

• Conversion into acid chlorides

• Conversion into esters

• Conversion into amides

• Reduction to yield primary alcohols

Reactions of acid chlorides (Section 11.7)

• Hydrolysis to yield acids

• Reaction with carboxylates to yield anhydrides

• Alcoholysis to yield esters

• Aminolysis to yield amides

• Reduction to yield primary alcohols

• Grignard reaction to yield tertiary alcohols

Reactions of acid anhydrides (Section 11.8)

• Hydrolysis to yield acids

• Alcoholysis to yield esters

• Aminolysis to yield amides

Reactions of esters (Section 11.9)

• Hydrolysis to yield acids

• Reduction to yield primary alcohols

 

• Grignard reaction to yield tertiary alcohols

Reactions of amides (Section 11.10)

• Hydrolysis to yield acids

• Reduction to yield amines

Preparation of nitriles (Section 11.11)

• S_N2 reaction of alkyl halides

Reactions of nitriles (Section 11.11)

• Hydrolysis to yield carboxylic acids

• Reduction to yield primary amines

• Reaction with Grignard reagents to yield ketones