References

Chapter 1

Note Outline

  1. Gunn BF, Baudouin L and Olsen KM. (2011) Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021143
  2. McKenney, E. A., Rodrigo, A., & Yoder, A. D. (2015). Patterns of gut bacterial colonization in three primate species. PloS one, 10(5), e0124618.
  3. McKenney, E. A., Greene, L. K., Drea, C. M., & Yoder, A. D. (2017). Down for the count: Cryptosporidium infection depletes the gut microbiome in Coquerel’s sifakas. Microbial ecology in health and disease, 28(1), 1335165.
  4. McKenney, E. A., O’Connell, T. M., Rodrigo, A., & Yoder, A. D. (2018). Feeding strategy shapes gut metagenomic enrichment and functional specialization in captive lemurs. Gut Microbes, 9(3), 202-217.
  5. Greene, L. K., & McKenney, E. A. (2018). The inside tract: The appendicular, cecal, and colonic microbiome of captive aye-ayes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 166(4), 960-967. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23481
  6. Allendorf, Fred & Hard, Jeffrey. (2009). Human-Induced Evolution Caused by Unnatural Selection through Harvest of Wild Animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 106. 9987-9994. 10.1073/pnas.0901069106.
  7. Kelly, Linda & Williams, Gareth & Barott, Katie & Carlson, Craig & Dinsdale, Elizabeth & Edwards, Rob & Haas, Andreas & Haynes, Matthew & Lim, Yan & Mcdole, Tracey & Nelson, Craig & Sala, Enric & Sandin, Stuart & Smith, Jennifer & Vermeij, Mark & Youle, Merry & Rohwer, Forest. (2014). Local genomic adaptation of coral reef-associated microbiomes to gradients of natural variability and anthropogenic stressors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 10.1073/pnas.1403319111.
  8. Carrière, Y., Crowder, D. W., & Tabashnik, B. E. (2010). Evolutionary ecology of insect adaptation to Bt crops. Evolutionary Applications, 3(5-6), 561-573. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00129.x
  9. Slabbekoorn, H., & Peet, M. (2003). Ecology: Birds sing at a higher pitch in urban noise. Nature, 424(6946), 267. https://doi.org/10.1038/424267a

Blog Style Summary

Allendorf, F. W., & Hard, J. J. (2009). Human-induced evolution caused by unnatural selection through harvest of wild animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(Supplement 1), 9987-9994.

Kelly, L.W., Williams G.J., Barott, K.L, Carlson, C.A., Dinsdale, E.A., Edwards, R.A., Haas, A.F., Haynes, M. Lim, Y.W., McDole, T., Nelson, C.E., Sala, E., Sandin, S.A., Smith, J.E., Vermeij, M.J.A., Youle, M., Rohwer, F. (2014). Local genomic adaptation of coral reef-associated microbiomes to gradients of natural variability and anthropogenic stressors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(28),10227-10232.

Thompson, H. (2012, December). An Evolutionary Whodunit: How Did Humans Develop Lactose Tolerance? National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/12/27/168144785/an-evolutionary-whodunit-how-did-humans-develop-lactose-tolerance

Zeuss, D., Brandl, R., Brändle, M. Rahbek, C., Brunzel, S. (2014). Global warming favours light-coloured insects in Europe. Nature Communications 5, 3874. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4874

Spotlight on NC

  1. Binkovitz, L. (n.d.). The Surprisingly Colorful Salamanders of Appalachia | At the Smithsonian| Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved September 5, 2022, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/the-surprisingly-colorful-salamanders-of-appalachia-813148/
  2. Save The Salamanders. (2016, April 6). Appalachian Salamanders. Save The Salamanders. https://www.savethesalamanders.com/appalachian-salamanders/
  3. McKenney, E. (2022). Adaptation and Evolution Slides
  4. Roe, J. H., Graeter, G. J., LaVere, A. A., & Somers, A. B. (2021). State‐wide population characteristics and long‐term trends for eastern box turtles in North Carolina. Ecosphere, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3378
  5. Creature Feature: Eastern Box Turtle. (2020, November 21). Quogue Wildlife Refuge. https://quoguewildliferefuge.org/news/creature-feature-eastern-box-turtle/
  6. North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. (n.d.). Nature Now! Thinking Outside the Box Turtle. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  7. Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. (2018, June 27). Eastern box turtle. Smithsonian’s National Zoo. https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/eastern-box-turtle
  8. NC Sea Turtle Pamphlet. NC Wildlife. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2022, from https://www.ncwildlife.org/
  9. Sea turtle adaptations: Sea turtle exploration. Sea Turtle Exploration | Learning with Sea Turtles by the North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher. (2014, September 22). Retrieved September 5, 2022, from https://seaturtleexploration.com/explore-and-learn/sea-turtle-web-lessons/sea-turtle-adaptations/
  10. Mazaris, A. D., Kallimanis, A. S., Pantis, J. D., & Hays, G. C. (2013). Phenological response of sea turtles to environmental variation across a species’ northern range. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 280(1751), 20122397. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2397
  11. IUCN Redlist https://www.iucnredlist.org/

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

  1. Allendorf, F. W. & Hard, J. J. (2009) Human-induced evolution caused by unnatural selection through harvest of wild animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 9987-9994.
  2. Red Wolf Recovery Program. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, (n.d.). https://www.fws.gov/project/red-wolf-recovery-program.
  3. Sexton, C. (2023, July 2). US endangered species can now be relocated to escape climate threats. Earth.com. https://www.earth.com/news/us-endangered-species-can-now-be-relocated-to-escape-climate-threats/
  4. St. George , Z. (2022, October 27). Last resort: Moving endangered species in order to save them. Yale E360. https://e360.yale.edu/features/assisted-migration-endangered-species-climate-change-united-states
  5. Handler, S., Pike, C., & St. Clair , B. (n.d.). Assisted migration. Assisted Migration | Climate Change Resource Center. https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/assisted-migration
  6. Zoological Society of London. (n.d.). Sihek Conservation. ZSL. https://www.zsl.org/what-we-do/projects/sihek-conservation
  7. Torreya guardians. Torreya Guardians. (n.d.). http://www.torreyaguardians.org/

Chapter 2

Note Outline

  1. Winemiller, K. O. (2005). Life history strategies, population regulation, and implications for fisheries management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62(4), 872-885. doi:10.1139/f05-040
  2. Blumstein, D. T. (2006). Developing an evolutionary ecology of fear: how life history and natural history traits affect disturbance tolerance in birds. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, 71, 389–399. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.010
  3. Heppell, S. S. (1998). Application of Life-History Theory and Population Model Analysis to Turtle Conservation. Copeia, 1998(2), 367-375. doi:10.2307/1447430
  4. Ockinger, E. (2010). Life-history traits predict species responses to habitat area and isolation: a cross-continental synthesis. Ecology Letters, 13, 969–979. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01487.x

Blog Style Summary

Bailey, R. (2019, November 8). Natural and artificial methods of propagating plants. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/vegetative-propagation-4138604.

Harpy eagle facts. (2011, November 7). Nature. https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/jungle-eagle-harpy-eagle-fact-sheet/7263/

Largest eagles in the world are so big that their talons are bigger than bear claws. (2021, June 2). My Modern Met. https://mymodernmet.com/harpy-eagle/

Precocial and altricial young. (1984). https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Precocial_and_Altricial.html

Spotlight on NC

  1. Wildlife Diversity Program. 2021. Protected Wildlife Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/Protected-Wildlife-Species-of-NC.pdf
  2. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Environmental Conservation Online System: Gopher Frog (Lithobates capito). https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/9073
  3. Noss, R. F., E. T. LaRoe III, and J. M. Scott. 1995. Endangered ecosystems of the United States: A preliminary assessment of loss and degradation. Biological Report 28, US Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC. 58 pp
  4. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commision. 2020. Gopher Frog Conservation Plan for North Carolina. https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Learning/documents/Profiles/Amphibians/Gopher-Frog-Conservation-Plan-2020-FINAL.pdf
  5. Humphries, W. J., and M. A. Sisson. (2012). Long distance migrations, landscape use, and vulnerability to prescribed fire of the Gopher Frog (Lithobates capito). Journal of Herpetology 46:665-670.
  6. Blihovde, W. B. (1999). Love thy neighbor: Gopher frog (Rana capito) site fidelity at gopher tortoise burrows. Second Symposium on the Status and Conservation of Florida Turtles. Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL
  7. Braswell, A. L. (1993). Status Report on Rana capito capito LeConte, the Carolina Gopher Frog, in North Carolina. Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program. NC Wildlife Resources Commission. 69 pages.
  8. Sines, R. (n.d.). Lithobates capito (gopher frog). Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved September 19, 2022, from https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lithobates_capito/
  9. U.S. Department of Defense. 2018. Recommended Best Management Practices for the Gopher Frog on Department of Defense Installations. Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program. https://www.denix.osd.mil/dodparc/parc-resources/materials-for-installation-personnel/recommended-best-management-practices-for-the-gopher-frog-on-department-of-defense-installations/Recommended%20BMPs_Gopher%20Frog_Final2_Dec_2018_cleared_508%20(1).pdf
  10. Doyle, M. 2022. Feds overturn Trump-Era endangered species ‘habitat’ definition. E&E News: Greenwire. https://www.eenews.net/articles/feds-overturn-trump-era-endangered-species-habitat-definition/
  11. Aubrey, D. P. (2021). Grass(stage)root movement to ensure future resilience of longleaf pine ecosystems. New Forests. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-021-09870-1
  12. The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem. (2021, July 11). longleafalliance.org. https://longleafalliance.org/what-is-longleaf/the-ecosystem/

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

Bednekoff, P. A. (2019). Predation risk and life histories. Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, 4, 334–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90113-4

Fisheries, N. (2023a, May 18). Atlantic Striped Bass. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-striped-bass#:~:text=Striped%20bass%20have%20a%20fairly,2%20and%204%20years%20old

Fisheries, N. (2023, July 13). Community comes together to replant a restored marsh in North Carolina. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/community-comes-together-replant-restored-marsh-north-carolina

Fuller, J. (2011). Clapper rail – North Carolina Wildlife Profiles. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. https://www.ncwildlife.org/portals/0/learning/documents/profiles/clapperrail091411.pdf

Michelson, R. (2020, April 23). Striped Bass Face Pollution, Overfishing. Coastal Review. https://coastalreview.org/2020/04/striped-bass-face-pollution-overfishing/

Peter A. Bednekoff, Predation Risk and Life Histories☆, Editor(s): Jae Chun Choe, Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (Second Edition), Academic Press, 2019, Pages 334-339, ISBN 9780128132524, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.90113-4. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096338901134)”

South Atlantic Salt Marsh Initiative. (2023, May). Marsh Forward: A Regional Plan for the Future of the South Atlantic Coast’s Million-Acre Salt Marsh Ecosystem. Marsh Forward. https://marshforward.org/media/4bvhppi3/sasmi-plan.pdf

US Department of Commerce, N. O. and A. A. (2019, October 22). NOAA National Ocean Service Education. Estuaries Tutorial. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_estuaries/est09_humandis.html#:~:text=Poor%20water%20quality%20affects%20most,such%20as%20bacteria%20or%20viruses.

Chapter 3

Note Outline

  1. Salas, A. (2020, September 12th). #ClimateCrisis Alert! HUNDREDS of dead birds have been reported throughout the state of New Mexico over the past two weeks. Twitter. URL: https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/news/2020/09/12/mass-deaths-migratory-birds-new-mexico-environment/5780282002/
  2. Humphrey, R. (n.d.). A field of poppies near Heacham Bottom… © Richard Humphrey cc-by-sa/2.0. Retrieved September 8, 2020, from https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/6503272
  3. Bowen, B.W et al. (2005). Conservation implications of complex population structure: lessons from the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta). Molecular Ecology, 14(8), 2389-2402 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02598.x
  4. Carrete, M. et al. (2006). Density Dependent Productivity Depression in Pyrenean Bearded Vultures: Implications for Conservation. Ecological Applications, 16(5), 1674-1682.
  5. Cuthbert, R. (2002). The role of introduced mammals and inverse density-dependent predation in the conservation of Hutton’s shearwater. Biological Conservation, 108(1), 69–78.
  6. Liu, J. et al. (1999). Changes in Human Population Structure: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation. Population and Environment, 21(1),  45-58.

Blog Style Summary

No references listed

Spotlight on NC

  1. Gonzaga, M. V. (n.d.). Population Growth and Survivorship. In Biology Online. Retrieved from https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/population-growth-and-survivorship
  2. North Carolina’s Wild Horses. (n.d.). Retrieved September 22, 2022, from http://www.ncwildhorses.com/
  3. Virginia Big-Eared Bat. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. (2016). Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Learning/documents/Profiles/Mammals/VBEB-species-profile-FINAL-051816.pdf
  4. Virginia Big-eared Bat. Chesapeake Bay Program. (n.d.). Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/field-guide/entry/virginia-big-eared-bat

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

  1. Travis, J. M. J. (2003). Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic

cocktail. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences,

270(1514), 467-473.

  1. Petit, E., & Valiere, N. (2006). Estimating population size with noninvasive

capture‐mark‐recapture data. Conservation Biology, 20(4), 1062-1073.

  1. Endangered species act | u. S. Fish & wildlife service. (1973, December 28). FWS.Gov.

https://www.fws.gov/law/endangered-species-act

  1. Gallardo, B., Clavero, M., Sánchez, M. I., & Vilà, M. (2016). Global ecological impacts of

invasive species in aquatic ecosystems. Global change biology, 22(1), 151-163.

  1. Stradling, D. J. (1970). The estimation of worker ant populations by the

mark-release-recapture method: An improved marking technique. Journal of Animal

Ecology, 39(3), 575–591. https://doi.org/10.2307/2855

  1. Manning, J. A., & Goldberg, C. S. (2010). Estimating population size using capture-recapture

encounter histories created from point-coordinate locations of animals: Capture-recapture from point locations. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 1(4), 389–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00041.x

  1. Royle, J. A., Fuller, A. K., & Sutherland, C. (2018). Unifying population and landscape

` ecology with spatial capture–recapture. Ecography, 41(3), 444–456.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03170

  1. Tarwater, P. M., & Martin, C. F. (2001). Effects of population density on the spread of disease.

Complexity, 6(6), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.10003

Chapter 4

Note Outline

  1. Haddad, N. M., & Baum, K. A. (1999). An Experimental Test of Corridor Effects on Butterfly Densities. Ecological Applications, 9(2), 622–633. https://doi.org/10.2307/2641149
  2. Harrison, H. B., Williamson, D. H., Evans, R. D., Almany, G. R., Thorrold, S. R., Russ, G. R., … & Jones, G. P. (2012). Larval Export from Marine Reserves and the Recruitment Benefit for Fish and Fisheries. Current Biology, 22(11), 1023–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.008
  3. Resasco, J., Haddad, N. M., Orrock, J. L., Shoemaker, D., Brudvig, L. A., Damschen, E. I., Tewksbury, J. J., & Levey, D. J. (2014). Landscape corridors can increase invasion by an exotic species and reduce diversity of native species. Ecology, 95(8), 2033–2039.
  4. Hunter, M. D. (2002). Landscape structure, habitat fragmentation, and the ecology of insects. Issues in Agriculture and Forest Entomology, 4, 159–166.
  5. Ramiadantsoa, T., Ovaskainen, O., Rybicki, J., & Hanski, I. (2015). Large-Scale Habitat Corridors for Biodiversity Conservation: A Forest Corridor in Madagascar. PLoS ONE, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132126

Blog Style Summary

Corridors: Compulsory passages? The Malagasy example – Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Spatial-illustration-of-the-Matrix-Patch-Corridor-model_fig1_260368969 [accessed 27 Sep, 2021]

Creech, T. G., Epps, C. W., Monello, R. J., & Wehausen, J. D. (2014). Using network theory to prioritize management in a desert bighorn sheep metapopulation. Landscape Ecology, 29(4), 605-619. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10980-014-0016-0

Dixon, J.D., Oli, M.K., Wooten, M.C., Eason, T.H., McCown, J.W. and Paetkau, D. (2006), Effectiveness of a Regional Corridor in Connecting Two Florida Black Bear Populations. Conservation Biology, 20: 155-162. https://doi-org.prox.lib.ncsu.edu/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00292.x

Harrison, H. B., Williamson, D. H., Evans, R. D., Almany, G. R., Thorrold, S. R., Russ, G. R., Feldheim, K. A., van Herwerden, L., Planes, S., Srinivasan, M., Berumen, M. L., & Jones, G. P. (2012). Larval export from marine reserves and the Recruitment benefit for fish and fisheries. Current Biology, 22(11), 1023–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.008

Howell, P. E., Muths, E., Hossack, B. R., Sigafus, B. H., & Chandler, R. B. (2018). Increasing connectivity between metapopulation ecology and landscape ecology. Ecology (Durham), 99(5), 1119-1128. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2189

Spotlight on NC

  1. Canis rufus | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. (n.d.). Www.fws.gov. https://www.fws.gov/species/red-wolf-canis-rufus
  2. MULHOLLAND, M. (2021, May 28). 8 red wolves released into wild provide hope for critically endangered species. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/red-wolves-released-wild-north-carolina-hope-for-species
  3. Weller, E., & Madison, J. (2022, April 4). Red Wolf Recovery Program: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. FWS.gov. Retrieved October 3, 2022, from https://www.fws.gov/project/red-wolf-recovery-program
  4. Two Wild Red Wolves Found Dead in North Carolina, Reducing Population to 9 Known Wolves. (2021, July 15). Wolf Conservation Center. https://nywolf.org/2021/07/two-wild-red-wolves-found-dead-in-north-carolina-reducing-population-to-9-known-wolves/ . Graph is from https://nywolf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SSA_RedWolf_201804.pdf
  5. Carillo, J. 2021. Conservation Projects Gain Support, Place Priority on Wildlife Crossings. Biltmore Beacon. Retrieved October 3, 2022. https://www.biltmorebeacon.com/news/conservation-projects-gain-support-place-priority-on-wildlife-crossings/article_eab65da0-2a3e-11ec-a38e-efa7424657d5.html

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

Resasco, J., Haddad, N. M., Orrock, J. L., Shoemaker, D., Brudvig, L. A., Damschen, E. I., … & Levey, D. J. (2014). Landscape corridors can increase invasion by an exotic species and reduce diversity of native species. Ecology, 95(8), 2033-2039.  https://doi.org/10.1890/14-0169.1

“First wildlife bridge coming soon to Snoqualmie Pass” by nordique is licensed under CC BY 2.0. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse.

I-90 Wildlife Corridor Campaign: Conservation Northwest. Conservation Northwest . (2022, April 1). https://conservationnw.org/our-work/habitat/i-90/

Wildlife Habitat Connectivity – Snoqualmie Pass East Project. WSDOT. (2022). https://wsdot.wa.gov/about/data/gray-notebook/gnbhome/environment/wildlifehabitatconnectivity/snoqualmiepasseastproject.htm

Chapter 5

Note Outline

  1. Tarlach, G. (2018, July). The Five Mass Extinctions That Have Swept Our Planet. Discover Magazine
  2. Feynman, R. P., & Leighton, R. (2001). “What do you care what other people think?”: further adventures of a curious character. WW Norton & Company.
  3. Mapping the World’s Biodiversity. (2020, September 11). Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://biodiversitymapping.org/

Blog Style Summary

Jenkins, C.N. & K. Van Houtan. (2016). Global and regional priorities for marine biodiversity protection. Biological Conservation (PDF)

Spotlight on NC

  1. Patton, A., Apodaca, J. J., Corser, J. D., Wilson, C. R., Williams, L. A., Cameron, A. D., & Wake, D. B. (2019). A new green salamander in the southern Appalachians: Evolutionary history of Aneides Aeneus and implications for management and conservation with the description of a cryptic microendemic species. Copeia, 107(4), 748. https://doi.org/10.1643/ch-18-052
  2. Norman, J. (n.d.). Green salamander (aneides aeneus). Species Profile: Green Salamander (Aneides aeneus) | SREL Herpetology. Retrieved October 13, 2022, from https://srelherp.uga.edu/salamanders/aneaen.htm
  3. Waldron, J. L., & Humphries, W. J. (2005, September 1). Arboreal habitat use by the green salamander, Aneides Aeneus, in South Carolina. BioOne Complete. Retrieved October 14, 2022, from https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-herpetology/volume-39/issue-3/228-04A.1/Arboreal-Habitat-Use-by-the-Green-Salamander-Aneides-aeneus-in/10.1670/228-04A.1.full?tab=ArticleLink
  4. Armstrong, P. F. (2010). Behavioral interactions and crevice depth preferences in the green salamander Aneides Aeneus: A thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University (thesis). Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville.
  5. John, R. (2016, December 19). Green salamanders. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved October 14, 2022, from http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3850
  6. Corser, J. D. (2000). Decline of disjunct Green Salamander (Aneides Aeneus) populations in the southern Appalachians. Biological Conservation, 97(1), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00106-3
  7. IDNR. (2020, November). Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved October 14, 2022, from https://www.in.gov/dnr/nature-preserves/files/fw-Endangered_Species_List.pdf
  8. Gordon, B. (2022, June 20). WNC conservationists seek federal protection for native Hickory Nut Gorge salamander. Asheville Citizen Times. https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/2022/06/20/federal-protection-hickory-nut-gorge-green-salamander-endangered-species-list/7633942001/
  9. Hickory nut gorge – blue ridge national heritage area. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2022, from https://www.blueridgeheritage.com/destinations/hickory-nut-gorge/
  10. Liles, L. (2020, February 4). Meet the south’s newest salamander. Garden & Gun. https://gardenandgun.com/articles/meet-the-souths-newest-salamander/
  11. Harlan, W., Bleich, J., & Apodaca, J. (2022, June 13). Endangered species protection sought for north carolina’s hickory nut gorge green salamanders. Center for Biological Diversity. https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/endangered-species-protection-sought-for-north-carolinas-hickory-nut-gorge-green-salamanders-2022-06-13/

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

  1. Weldon, C., du Preez, L. H., Hyatt, A. D., Muller, R., & Spears, R. (2004, December). Origin of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323396/.
  2. NSW Environment and Heritage. Frog chytrid fungus. (2020, October 14). https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/native-animals/native-animal-facts/frogs/threats-to-frogs/frog-chytrid-fungus.
  3. Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife. (n.d.). Chytridiomycosis (Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Disease). https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/wildlife/wildlife-management/Chytridiomycosis%20Amphibians.pdf
  4. Zipkin, E. F., & DiRenzo, G. V. (2022). Biodiversity is decimated by the cascading effects of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus. PLoS Pathogens, 18(7), e1010624. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010624
  5. Savage, A. E., Sredl, M. J., & Zamudio, K. R. (2011). Disease dynamics vary spatially and temporally in a North American amphibian. Biological Conservation, 144(6), 1910–1915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.018
  6. Sasso, T., McCallum, H., & Grogan, L. (2021). Occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis within and between species: A review of influential variables as identified from field studies. Biological Conservation, 262, 109300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109300
  7. Scroggie, M. P., Preece, K., Nicholson, E., McCarthy, M. A., Parris, K. M., Heard, G. W. (2019). Optimizing habitat management for amphibians: From simple models to complex decisions. Biological Conservation, 236, 60-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.022.
  8. Garner, T. W. J., Schimdt, B. R., Martel, A., Pasmans, F., Muths, E., Cunningham, A. A., Weldon, C., Fisher, M. C., Bosch, J. (2016). Mitigating amphibian chytridiomycoses in nature. Philosophical Transactions B, 371(1709): 20160207. https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2016.0207
  9. Roznik, E. A., Sapsford, S. J., Pike, D. A., Schwarzkopf, L., Alford, R. A. (2015). Natural disturbance reduces disease risk in endangered rainforest frog populations. Scientific Reports, 5: 13472. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep13472.
  10.  Puschendorf, R., Hodgson, L., Alford, R. A., Skerratt, L. F., VanDerWal, J. (2013). Underestimated ranges and overlooked refuges from amphibian chytridiomycosis. Diversity and Distributions, 19(10), 1313-1321. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12091.
  11. Schmeller, D. S, Blooi, M., Martel, A., Garner, T. W. J., Fisher, M. C., Azemar, F., Clare, F. C., Leclerc, C., Jӓger, L., Guevara-Nieto, M., Loyau, A., Pasmans, F. (2014). Microscopic Aquatic Predators Strongly Affect Infection Dynamics of a Globally Emerged Pathogen. Current Biology, 24(2), 176-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.032.

Chapter 6

Note Outline

  1. Landis, E. A., Oliverio, A. M., McKenney, E. A., Nichols, L. M., Kfoury, N., Biango-Daniels, M., … & Wolfe, B. E. (2021). The diversity and function of sourdough starter microbiomes. Elife, 10, e61644.
  2. Espinosa, F., Guerra-Garcia, J.M., Fa, D., and Garcia-Gomez, J.C. (2005). Effects of competition on an endangered limpet Patella ferruginea(Gastropoda: Patellidae): Implications for conservation. Journal of experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 330: 482-492
  3. Creel, S. (2001).  Four Factors Modifying the Effect of Competition on Carnivore Population Dynamics as Illustrated by African Wild Dogs. Conservation Biology, 15(1): 271-274.
  4. Seguni, Z.S.K, Way, M.J., and Van Mele, P. (2011). The effect of ground vegetation management on competition between the ants Oecophylla longinoda and Pheidole megacephala and implications for conservation biological control. Crop Protection, 30: 713-717.
  5. Oro, D., Pérez-Rodríguez, A., Martínez-Vilalta, A., Bertolero, A., Vidal, F., & Genovart, M. (2009). Interference competition in a threatened seabird community: A paradox for a successful conservation. Biological Conservation, 142(8): 1830-1835. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.03.023

Blog Style Summary

The National Wildlife Federation. (2021). Invasive Species. https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species

Study Lib. (2021). Interspecific Competition. https://studylib.net/doc/9918642/interspecific-competition

cK-12. (2014, February 6). Competition. https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-concepts/r25/section/6.14/

Spotlight on NC

  1. Stemkovski, M. (n.d.). Pueraria Montana (kudzu). NC INVASIVE PLANT COUNCIL. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from http://nc-ipc.weebly.com/pueraria-montana-kudzu.html
  2. Gray squirrel. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.ncwildlife.org/Learning/Species/Mammals/Gray-Squirrel#7972448-overview
  3. MacArthur’s Warblers. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/MacArthur’s_Warblers.html

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

[1] Kneitel, J. M. (2019). Gause׳ s competitive exclusion principle. In Encyclopedia of ecology (pp. 110-113). Elsevier BV. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080454054007941

[2] BD editors . (2018, October 7). competition. https://biologydictionary.net/competition/

[3] Horwitz, R., Hoogenboom, M., Fine, M. (2017, January 9). Spatial competition dynamics between reef corals under ocean acidification. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep40288

[4] Connell, J. H. (1961). The Influence of Interspecific Competition and Other Factors on the Distribution of the Barnacle Chthamalus Stellatus. Ecology, 42(4), 710–723. https://doi.org/10.2307/1933500

Chapter 7

Note Outline

  1. Lekagul, B., J. McNeely. 1988. Mammals of Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Darnsutha Press.
  2. Damm, G. R. (2008): Recreational Trophy Hunting: “What do we know and what should we do?” – In: Baldus, R. D.; Damm, G. R. & Wollscheid, K. (eds.): Best Practices in Sustainable Hunting – A Guide to Best Practices from Around the World, pp. 5–11.

Blog Style Summary

  1. Müller, C. B., & Brodeur, J. (2002). Intraguild predation in biological control and conservation biology. Biological Control, 25(3), 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00102-0
  2. Creel, S. (2001). Four Factors Modifying the Effect of Competition on Carnivore Population Dynamics as Illustrated by African Wild Dogs. Conservation Biology, 15(1) 271-274. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2641666

Spotlight on NC

  1. Red Wolf. National Wildlife Federation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2022, from https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Red-Wolf
  2. Whittemore, A., Smith, A., Munshi, E., Gibson, K., Walsh, J., Maron, J., Jackson, T., Hennessey, T., Mirian, V., Butler, P., & Agabekov, V. (2016, December 15). What comes with the territory: Predators and their place in … Retrieved October 30, 2022, from https://ie.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/277/2015/12/OBXFS-Capstone-2016.pdf
  3. Hinton, J. W., Ashley, A. K., Dellinger, J. A., Gittleman, J. L., van Manen, F. T., & Chamberlain, M. J. (2017). Using diets of Canis breeding pairs to assess resource partitioning between sympatric red wolves and coyotes. Journal of Mammalogy, 98(2), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyw233
  4. Burns, M. (2020, September 3). WFU research investigates NC deer overpopulation. Science & Technology. Retrieved October 30, 2022, from https://wfuogb.com/9734/science-technology/wfu-research-investigates-nc-deer-overpopulation/

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

  1. Jensen, F. H., Rocco, A., Mansur, R. M., Smith, B. D., Janik, V. M., & Madsen, P. T. (2013). Clicking in Shallow Rivers: Short-Range Echolocation of Irrawaddy and Ganges River Dolphins in a Shallow, Acoustically Complex Habitat. PloS One, 8(4). https://doi.org/0.1371/journal.pone.0059284
  2. Monterey Bay Aquarium (2023) Deep-sea anglerfish. Monterey Bay Aquarium. https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/deep-sea-anglerfish#:~:text=Anglerfish%20have%20perfected%20the%20art,the%20anglerfish%20snaps%20it%20up.
  3. Ward, S. A., Leather, S. R., Pickup, J., & Harrington, R. (2001). Mortality during dispersal and the cost of host-specificity in parasites: how many aphids find hosts? Journal of Animal Ecology, 67(5). https://doi.org/https://doi-org.prox.lib.ncsu.edu/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00238.x
  4. Boucher, N. P., Anderson, M., Ladle, A., Procter, C., Marshall, S., Kuzyk, G., Starzomski, B. M., & Fisher, J. T. (2022). Cumulative effects of widespread landscape change alter predator–prey dynamics. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15001-3
  5. McKenney, E. (2023). Chapter 7: Predation. Pressbooks: Applied Ecology https://ncstate.pressbooks.pub/appliedecology/chapter/chapter-7-content-predation/
  6. Muhly, T. B., Semeniuk, C., Massolo, A., Hickman, L., & Musiani, M. (2011). Human activity helps prey win the predator-prey space race. PLoS ONE, 6(3), e17050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017050

Chapter 8

Note Outline

Bush, S. E., Villa, S. M., Altuna, J. C., Johnson, K. P., Shapiro, M. D., & Clayton, D. H. (2019). Host defense triggers rapid adaptive radiation in experimentally evolving parasites. Evolution letters, 3(2), 120-128.

Blog Style Summary

No references listed

Spotlight on NC

  1. Bartel, R. A., Oberhauser, K. S., de Roode, J. C., & Altizer, S. M. (2011). Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern North America. Ecology, 92(2), 342–351. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0489.1
  2. Leong, K. L. H., Yoshimura, M. A., Kaya, H. K., & Williams, H. (1997). Instar Susceptibility of the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to the Neogregarine Parasite,Ophryocystis elektroscirrha. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 69(1), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1996.4634
  3. Sander, S., Altizer, S., de Roode, J., & Davis, A. (2013). Genetic Factors and Host Traits Predict Spore Morphology for a Butterfly Pathogen. Insects, 4(3), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4030447
  4. What is OE? (n.d.). Monarch. Retrieved November 7, 2022, from https://www.monarchparasites.org/oe
  5. Satterfield, D. A., Maerz, J. C., & Altizer, S. (2015). Loss of migratory behaviour increases infection risk for a butterfly host. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1801), 20141734. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1734
  6. Satterfield, D. A., Maerz, J. C., Hunter, M. D., Flockhart, D. T. T., Hobson, K. A., Norris, D. R., Streit, H., de Roode, J. C., & Altizer, S. (2018). Migratory monarchs that encounter resident monarchs show life-history differences and higher rates of parasite infection. Ecology Letters, 21(11), 1670–1680. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13144
  7. Howard, E., Aschen, H., & Davis, A. K. (2010). Citizen Science Observations of Monarch Butterfly Overwintering in the Southern United States. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 2010, e689301. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/689301
  8. West, S. A., Griffin, A. S., & Gardner, A. (2006). Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20(2), 415–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x
  9. Holland, J. N., & Bronstein, J. L. (2008). Mutualism. In Encyclopedia of Ecology (pp. 2485–2491). Academic Press.
  10. Fortowsky, A. (2020, November 13). Human-Cat Relationships are Complex- Here’s Why. Sentient Media. https://sentientmedia.org/human-cat-relationships-are-complex-heres-why/
  11. Pike, S. (n.d.). Nature News: Monarch butterflies depend on the milkweed. Foster’s Daily Democrat. Retrieved November 7, 2022, from https://www.fosters.com/story/news/local/2018/07/31/nature-news-monarch-butterflies-depend-on-milkweed/11189823007/
  12. Milkweed Plants & Monarch Butterflies: A Love Story – North Carolina Wildlife Federation. (2022, February 15). North Carolina Wildlife Federation. https://ncwf.org/blog/milkweed-plants/#:~:text=There%20are%20about%2016%20species
  13. Pollinators – Monarch butterfly (U.S. National Park Service). (2017). Nps.gov. https://www.nps.gov/articles/monarch-butterfly.htm

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

  1. Dougherty, E. R., Carlson, C. J., Bueno, V. M., Burgio, K. R., Cizauskas, C. A., Clements, C. F., Seidel, D. P., & Harris, N. C. (2015). Paradigms for parasite conservation. Conservation Biology, 30(4), 724–733. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12634
  2. Carlson, C. J., Burgio, K. R., Dougherty, E. R., Phillips, A. J., Bueno, V. M., Clements, C. F., Castaldo, G., Dallas, T. A., Cizauskas, C. A., Cumming, G. S., Doña, J., Harris, N. C., Jovani, R., Mironov, S., Muellerklein, O. C., Proctor, H. C., & Getz, W. M. (2017). Parasite biodiversity faces extinction and redistribution in a changing climate. Science Advances, 3(9), e1602422. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602422
  3. Panko, B. (2017, September 7). The World’s Parasites Are Going Extinct. Here’s Why That’s a Bad Thing. Smithsonian; Smithsonian.com. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/parasites-are-going-extinct-heres-why-thats-a-bad-thing-180964808/
  4. Cizauskas, C. A., Carlson, C. J., Burgio, K. R., Clements, C. F., Dougherty, E. R., Harris, N. C., & Phillips, A. J. (2017). Parasite vulnerability to climate change: An evidence-based functional trait approach. Royal Society Open Science, 4(1), 160535. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160535
  5. Sommer, L. (2020, August 7). Scientists Say Many Parasite Species Are At Risk Of Extinction And Need Protection. NPR.org. https://www.npr.org/2020/08/07/900350897/scientists-say-many-parasite-species-are-at-risk-of-extinction-and-need-protecti
  6. McKenney, E. A., Williamson, L., Yoder, A. D., Rawls, J. F., Bilbo, S. D., & Parker, W. (2015). Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta. Gut Microbes, 6(3), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2015.1047128
  7. Cheng, A. M., Jaint, D., Thomas, S., Wilson, J. K., & Parker, W. (2015). Overcoming Evolutionary Mismatch by Self-Treatment with Helminths: Current Practices and Experience. Journal of Evolutionary Medicine, 3, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.4303/jem/235910
  8. Sato, T., Watanabe, K., Kanaiwa, M., Niizuma, Y., Harada, Y., & Lafferty, K. D. (2011). Nematomorph parasites drive energy flow through a riparian ecosystem. Ecology, 92(1), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1565.1
  9. Carlson, C. J., Hopkins, S., Bell, K. C., Doña, J., Godfrey, S. S., Kwak, M. L., Lafferty, K. D., Moir, M. L., Speer, K. A., Strona, G., Torchin, M., & Wood, C. L. (2020). A global parasite conservation plan. Biological Conservation, 250, 108596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108596

Chapter 9

Note Outline

No references listed

Blog Style Summary

Mueller-Dombois, D., & Boehmer, H. J. (n.d.). Origin of the Hawaiian rainforest and its transition states in long-term primary succession. Biogeosciences, 10, 5171–5182. https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/5171/2013/bg-10-5171-2013.pdf

Wagner, S. C. (2010). Keystone Species. Nature Education Knowledge. https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/keystone-species-15786127/

McComb, Brenda (2016). Wildlife habitat management: concepts and applications in forestry. Second edition.

Benayas, José M. Rey, et al. “Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis.” Science, vol. 325, no. 5944, 28 Aug. 2009, pp. 1121–1124, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19644076/, 10.1126/science.1172460.

Spotlight on NC

  1. Longleaf History. (n.d.) NC Longleaf Coalition. https://www.nclongleaf.org/llhistory.html
  2. Dry Longleaf Pine (n.d.) NC Wildlife Resources Commission. https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/Coast/CP_Dry_longleaf_pine.pdf?ver=2PtWHkIhaxNyICxI6GuNKA%3d%3d
  3. Coles, K. (2020, May 12). Longleaf Pine Savanna: A Botanist’s Paradise. Trees Atlanta. https://www.treesatlanta.org/news/longleaf-pine-savanna-a-botanists-paradise/
  4. Venus Fly Trap. (n.d.). U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. https://www.fws.gov/species/venus-fly-trap-dionaea-muscipula
  5. Inside the Venus Flytrap (n.d.) How Stuff Works. https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/botany/venus-flytrap3.htm
  6. Youngsteadt, E., Irwin, R. E., Fowler, A., Bertone, M. A., Giacomini, S. J., Kunz, M., Suiter, D., & Sorenson, C. E. (2017). Data from: Venus flytrap rarely traps its pollinators [Data set]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.P8S64
  7. Venus Flytraps in Peril: Why Everyone’s Favorite Carnivorous Houseplant is Under Threat (n.d.) Mental Floss. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/589720/venus-flytraps-in-peril
  8. Dogwood Alliance https://www.dogwoodalliance.org/2021/07/the-legacy-of-longleaf-pine/
  9. Longleaf Alliance https://longleafalliance.org/what-is-longleaf/the-ecosystem/habitats/

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

[1] Colvin, B. A., Fall, M. W., Fitzgerald, L. A., & Loope, L. L. (2005). REVIEW OF BROWN TREESNAKE PROBLEMS AND CONTROL PROGRAMS. USDA National Research Center – Staff Publications. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1627&context=icwdm_usdanwrc

[2] Brown tree snakes in Guam: An overview of the problem and strategies for elimination. (n.d.). Conservation Made Simple. https://www.conservationmadesimple.org/blog/brown-tree-snakes-in-guam-an-overview-of-the-problem-and-strategies-for-elimination

[3] Stricherz, V. (2008, August 21). Brown tree snake could mean Guam will lose more than its birds. UW News. https://www.washington.edu/news/2008/08/21/brown-tree-snake-could-mean-guam-will-lose-more-than-its-birds-2/

[4] Rogers, H. S., Buhle, E. R., HilleRisLambers, J., Fricke, E. C., Miller, R. H., & Tewksbury, J. J. (2017). Effects of an invasive predator cascade to plants via mutualism disruption. Nature Communications, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14557

[5] U.S. Department of State. (2009, January 20). Case Study: Brown Tree Snake. U.S. Department of State. https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/oes/ocns/inv/cs/2309.htm.

[6] Control Mechanisms. (n.d.). Invasivespeciesinfo.gov. Retrieved November 14, 2023, from https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/subject/control-mechanisms

[7] Landers, R. (2023, May). Protection and Preservation of Natural Resources Continue with the Eradication of Invasive Brown Tree Snakes. DVIDS. https://www.dvidshub.net/news/444591/protection-and-preservation-natural-resources-continue-with-eradication-invasive-brown-tree-snakes#:~:text=The%20bait%20drop%20is%20an,with%20an%20automated%20bait%20dispenser

[8] Public Law 108 – 384 – Brown Tree Snake Control and Eradication Act of 2004. (2004). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/PLAW-108publ384

Chapter 10

Note Outline

  1. Benke, A. C., & Wallace, J. B. (2011). Secondary production, quantitative food webs, and trophic position. Nature Education Knowledge, 2(2), 2. https://phys.org/news/2020-09-invasive-sea-lampreys-great-lakes.html

Blog Style Summary

Ripple, W. J., & Beschta, R. L. (2012). Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biological Conservation, 145(1), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.005

Spotlight on NC

  1. Texas A&M. (2018). An Overview of Wild Pigs. Natural Resource Institute. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://wildpigs.nri.tamu.edu/about/an-overview-of-wild-pigs/#:~:text=Predation%20of%20juvenile%20wild%20pigs,wild%20pigs%20in%20North%20America
  2. Government of Western Australia. (2022, July 26). Feral pigs. Government of Western Australia Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/pest-mammals/feral-pigs
  3. Moore, A. (2020, February 25). 4 invasive species that have wreaked havoc in North Carolina. College of Natural Resources News. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://cnr.ncsu.edu/news/2020/02/invasive-species-how-exotic-plants-animals-and-insects-impact-north-carolina/
  4. Robbins, J. (2019, December 16). Feral pigs roam the south. now even Northern States aren’t safe. The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/16/science/feral-pigs-canada-texas.html

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

  1. McPeek, M.A. (1998). THE CONSEQUENCES OF CHANGING THE TOP PREDATOR IN A FOOD WEB: A COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH. Ecological Monographs, 68(1), 1–23.
  2. CCEF | News | Climate Change in the Coral Triangle – Dr. Alan T. White. (n.d.). Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation (CCEF). http://old.coast.ph/?q=news/climate-change-coral-triangle-dr-alan-t-white
  3. Harrison, H.B., Williamson, D.H., Evans, R.D., Almany, G.R., Thorrold, S.R., Russ, G.R., Feldheim, K.A., van Herwerden, L., Planes, S., Srinivasan, M., Berumen, M.L., & Jones, G.P. (2012). Larval Export from Marine Reserves and the Recruitment Benefit for Fish and Fisheries. Current Biology, 22(11), 1023–1028.
  4. Marsh, J. (2023). Overhunting animals: Causes, effects and potential solutions. Environment Co. https://environment.co/overhunting-animals/

Chapter 11

Note Outline

Ariza, A., Landeira, J. M., Escánez, A., Wienerroither, R., de Soto, N. A., Røstad, A., … & Hernández-León, S. (2016). Vertical distribution, composition and migratory patterns of acoustic scattering layers in the Canary Islands. Journal of Marine Systems, 157, 82-91.

Blog Style Summary

Anav, A., Friedlingstein, P., Beer, C., Ciais, P., Harper, A., Jones, C., Murray-Tortarolo, G., Papale, D., Parazoo, N. C., Peylin, P., Piao, S., Sitch, S., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., & Zhao, M. (2015). Spatiotemporal patterns of Terrestrial Gross Primary Production: A Review. Reviews of Geophysics, 53(3), 785–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000483

OpenStax, C. (n.d.). Physics. Lumen. Retrieved November 23, 2021, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/15-6-entropy-and-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics-disorder-and-the-unavailability-of-energy/.

Hayek, A. (2016, April 19). What is the relationship between enthalpy and entropy?: Socratic. Socratic.org. Retrieved November 23, 2021, from https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-relationship-between-enthalpy-and-entropy-.

Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. (2020). Definition of ecology. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. Retrieved November 23, 2021, from https://www.caryinstitute.org/news-insights/definition-ecology.

Gong, F., Zhu, H., Zhang, Y., & Li, Y. (2018). Biological Carbon Fixation: From natural to synthetic. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 28, 221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2018.09.014

Gu, X., Zhao, H., Peng, C., Guo, X., Lin, Q., Yang, Q., & Chen, L. (2021, November 9). The mangrove blue carbon sink potential: Evidence from three net primary production assessment methods. Forest Ecology and Management. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112721009397#f0005

NASA. (n.d.). Net primary productivity. NASA. Retrieved November 23, 2021, from https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/global-maps/MOD17A2_M_PSN.

Spotlight on NC

Cirino, G. G., Souza, R. A. F., Adams, D. K., & Artaxo, P. (2014). The effect of atmospheric aerosol particles and clouds on net ecosystem exchange in the amazon. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14(13), 6523. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6523-2014

US EPA, O. (2015, April 9). Why are wetlands important? [Overviews and Factsheets]. https://www.epa.gov/wetlands/why-are-wetlands-important

How to Apply Ecology in a Changing World

Brockway, D. G., & Lewis, C. E. (1997). Long-term effects of dormant-season prescribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management, 96(1), 167-183. https://10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03939-4

EPA (2023) Climate Change Indicators: Wildfires. EPA.gov. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-wildfires

Kaiser, A. L., Soulé, P., van de Gevel, S. L., Knapp, P., Bhuta, A., Walters, J., & Montpellier, E. (2020). Dendroecological investigation of red-cockaded woodpecker cavity tree selection in endangered longleaf pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 473, 118291. https://10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118291

Keeley, Jon E. (2009) Fire intensity, fire severity, and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 116-126.

https://doi.org/10.1071/WF07049

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