Key Terms

• carboxyl group
• carboxylation
• carboxylic acid, RCO2H
• Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
• nitrile

Summary of Reactions 20 • Summary of Reactions 20 • Summary of Reactions

• Preparation of carboxylic acids (Section 20.5)
• Carboxylation of Grignard reagents

• Hydrolysis of nitriles

• Preparation of nitriles (Section 20.7)
• SN2 reaction of alkyl halides

• Dehydration of amides

• Reactions of nitriles (Section 20.7)
• Hydrolysis to yield carboxylic acids

• Reduction to yield primary amines

• Reaction with Grignard reagents to yield ketones