Key Terms

• acid anhydride
• acid halide
• acyl phosphate
• amide
• carboxylic acid derivative
• chain-growth polymer
• ester
• Fischer esterification reaction
• lactam
• lactone
• nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction
• saponification
• step-growth polymer
• thioester

Summary of Reactions 21 • Summary of Reactions 21 • Summary of Reactions

• Reactions of carboxylic acids (Section 21.3)
• Conversion into acid chlorides

• Conversion into esters

• Conversion into amides

• Reduction to yield primary alcohols

• Reactions of acid chlorides (Section 21.4)
• Hydrolysis to yield acids

• Reaction with carboxylates to yield anhydrides

• Alcoholysis to yield esters

• Aminolysis to yield amides

• Reduction to yield primary alcohols

• Grignard reaction to yield tertiary alcohols

• Diorganocopper reaction to yield ketones

• Reactions of acid anhydrides (Section 21.5)
• Hydrolysis to yield acids

• Alcoholysis to yield esters

• Aminolysis to yield amides

• Reactions of esters (Section 21.6)
• Hydrolysis to yield acids

• Reduction to yield primary alcohols

• Partial reduction to yield aldehydes

• Grignard reaction to yield tertiary alcohols

• Reactions of amides (Section 21.7)
• Hydrolysis to yield acids

• Reduction to yield amines